On August 17, 1982 the first audio compact disc was pressed,
presenting the music album Visitors by Abba. The success of the audio CD would
set the development of various data CDs in motion such as the CD-ROM, CD-I
electronic book, DVD and Blu-ray. By 2004 CD media were not en vogue any longer
as internet had taken over thanks to the growing capacity of broadband.
(l above) Spectrum Encyclopedia, published by Spectrum Publishers in 1995; (r above) Interactive Encyclopedia, published by Philips Interactive, 1996;
(l under) Encarta Encyclopedia, published by Elsevier Winkler Prins in 1998; (© photos
Jak Boumans Collection; CDs owned Jak Boumans Collection)
When multimedia came en vogue the number of born-digital heritage artefacts increased. In science multimedia was by Elsevier Science for an interactive approach to anatomy. Moreover, some CD-ROM productions have become precursors of internet sites like Escher Interactive. Even combinations of online and CD-ROM were made. For the exhibition of Hieronymus Bosch in Museum Boijmans Van Beunigen in Rotterdam in 2001 an online website (www.boschuniverse.com) was developed by ZappWork and on a CD-ROM for schools a game by V2.
(l above) Interactive Anatomy, published by Elsevier Science; (r above)
Escher Interactive, published by A. W. Bruna; (l under) Hieronymus Bosch, a school edition issued
as part of the exhibition at the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in 2001; (©
photos Jak Boumans Collection; CDs owned Jak Boumans Collection)
In 1984 CD-ROM started to battle Pre-internet online on
storage capacity, defeating the slow telecom speed and small storage capacity
of the PC’s hard disc. But by 2004 this battle was over as internet, broadband
capacity and storage capacity were on the rise. The era between 1982 and 2004 had
proven to be an ice age in online.
Looking back at this ice age, the question can be asked whether
there are still left any worthwhile digital heritage gems of that period. Of
course it's not so long ago, so there must be some digital artifacts around. And
the next question is whether they are representative for that digital ice age
and worthwhile to be saved?
In order to talk about artefacts an inventory will have to
be produced. In the ninenties the TFPL CD-ROM and multimedia CD-ROM Directory
was published by MacMillan. It gave an international overview of CD Media
titles. The directory has not been
available after 1996. Of course a national library and National Archive
might have done some inventory work or even collected some artefacts. In the
Netherlands the Royal Library has an e-Depot and the National Archive has a
small collection, it seems. The question is of course what did they actively collect.
In the Netherlands Electronic Media Reporting compiled the List Optical
Media in the beginning of the nineties and
published a quarterly report for two years in cooperation with the Dutch
Association of Information Service Providers (NVI). These lists are currently being
processed for the database of Collection Jak Boumans. In short, there will be a
few snapshots available, but not a systematic index to optical media.
Which artifacts are worthwhile of collecting as pieces of
heritage? There are four criteria to explain:
a Technology: videodisc, CD-ROM, CD-I, electronic book, DVD
and Blu-ray;.
b. Environment: scientific / business, consumer, cultural;
c. Language: native, foreign, multilingual;
d. Type of heritage: born digital, digitized heritage.
Ad a. Technology. In technology, all artifacts from
videodisc to DVD-ROM interesting. CD-i Video, DVD Video and Blu-ray are not
interesting since these media usually optical carriers for film. Most
interesting are the productions which can be played out on different machines.
Elsevier Science produced Interactive Anatomy as CD-I and CD-ROM versions on
one disc.
Ad b. Environment. Would be a minimum in each of the three
sectors, a minimum of production need to be in order to show how the media were
like in various environments. With a few examples preserved Interestingly, with
this criterion, the discs produced for the cultural sector by publishers and
museums.
Ad c. Language. Important in the selection is language. In a
national language the native languaue will have preference over a foreign
language. In some cases combination of the native language with a foreign
language can be made. But a CD production can also be classified as national
heritage, even when a foreign language has been used on the disc. In the
Netherlands for example the discs published by Elsevier Science could be
classified as national heritage.
Ad d. Type heritage. Digitisation started out from copying
text productions. For example, the first mini-discs with electronic books
produced were mostly directories and dictionaries. Instead of searching through
the alphabet, search engines had been built in these productions. This is
digitized heritage. Later these text productions were embellished with
photographs, drawings, videos and sound clips. Although DVD Video is not so
interesting, the 1995 trial production of ODME DVD with the film The
Netherlands by Bert Haanstra remains unique as a precursor of DVD and Blu-ray.
When multimedia came en vogue the number of born-digital heritage artefacts increased. In science multimedia was by Elsevier Science for an interactive approach to anatomy. Moreover, some CD-ROM productions have become precursors of internet sites like Escher Interactive. Even combinations of online and CD-ROM were made. For the exhibition of Hieronymus Bosch in Museum Boijmans Van Beunigen in Rotterdam in 2001 an online website (www.boschuniverse.com) was developed by ZappWork and on a CD-ROM for schools a game by V2.
The examples above are CD productions which could qualify according to the criteria above for Dutch heritage artefacts of the digital ice age.
